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Institute for Health Research and Policy
University of Illinois at Chicago
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Institute for Health Research and Policy
University of Illinois at Chicago
Some Things You Need to Know About Longitudinal Data Analysis:
Richard T. Campbell
Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
------=_NextPart_01C6F6A8.1E297590 content-location: file:///C:/2132A1EC/campbell_files/master07_image001.gif content-transfer-encoding: base64 content-type: image/gif R0lGODlhAwB7AHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAgAC AHgAgAAAAAAAAAINjI+py+0Po5y02otzKwA7 ------=_NextPart_01C6F6A8.1E297590 content-location: file:///C:/2132A1EC/campbell_files/master07_image002.gif content-transfer-encoding: base64 content-type: image/gif R0lGODlhWQAWAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAABX ABUAgQAAAAAAAMwzAMyZAAKohA+hiu0PhYS0ojHsWZxpLYXip2HmSXVqQD7iG7bPSZvOissHzE86 UAtmELicrNf7CYWb4kqHTMqWTGexFUW2qFXrk5SVlrhCr9ESFlvIZbPqk1ZT2EH3GxSHfeg1ewee 97LHd+LHARjoM0aIYeiBGEjCaOLIApYosMVoYAgVOUXY5OYZp8TXMPqT9wPE9uDFahAWa0CWckYL oJVby/RhyeuiGHwx9FAAADs= ------=_NextPart_01C6F6A8.1E297590 content-location: file:///C:/2132A1EC/campbell_files/slide0002.htm content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable content-type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" All You Need to Know About Longitudinal Data Analysis:
UIC IHRP
Institute for = Health
Research and Policy
 Major Themes of This Talk
¢= There are two major revolutions in data analysis in the past 40 years or so
lThe general linear model revolution (1965)
lThe computing (MLE) revolution (~1985)
¢= Despite the plethora of models, methods, terminology and software, most longitudinal analysis falls in a few basic categories.
¢
¢
¢
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UIC IHRP
Institute for = Health
Research and Policy
A
B
C
------=_NextPart_01C6F6A8.1E297590 content-location: file:///C:/2132A1EC/campbell_files/slide0047_image005.gif content-transfer-encoding: base64 content-type: image/gif R0lGODlhCQGZAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAH AZcAgAAAAAAAAAL/hI+py+0Po5y02ouzZiHsD4biSJZm1Z3qyrbuK6XwTNf27cj4zve+pvsJh0Rh sIhMKlXHpfMJRXmi1KoV0bxqt8Qs9wuuecPkMnNqTqtJ47X7HUPD5/ScvI7PA9r6fpnvF/gFKFhY RWiY+ISo2FjE6Bi5gwYpaUmTUnm5+dKhyQl65hlKOun5eXF6V7q5KqYKO8o6exNrS4v7anua29u5 q+o7h1oLzCu8RZxkLIv86DrMDO3MouwmbU2tkB2IrU3Bfen9bRCeiz0dh2dOfjC+cEzH3h7xLp9O 7xKsN58/0eynnz9WAgeSKmgQ3L43CBNCWBjN4QxYfRpKPGZxGT6J/xYAlkuUkZpHcRs5bgv5pyTH kbRQklRZyqUiltpkVqRJz2Y0mO10psFpcg9PR0CDYhkqqKhReEjX+fT19FnTpRymholHdURUXVaz qoOj1KvWrkjCijWxNYTZsyvSYljLVh9ZGHDjTpwryu4ivGrr6uWxFevfQ5Tk8h0MWPDYw4h/KN7g t/HeyEwZSx5CMQPly/zcclby+DPRzaJ3lj6NOrXq1axbu34NO7bs2bRr276NO7fu3bx7+/4NPLjw 4cSLGz+OPLloz8qBkG5u6jl0G6GnO5FuvVh2LZa3d/JupTv4auMPlY8i/jxa9XvZX3f/Hr5G+cvo 17ffBf8j/fn5O0j2bwSAPjDnX3oConBgYglOsiCDDVL3YC0RQjjhRBViciFdBmaYwIYcYvFhCwTy 52GIe5jYVokfqrgiiky4+CKMJYyoH4trFAAAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C6F6A8.1E297590 content-location: file:///C:/2132A1EC/campbell_files/slide0008.htm content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable content-type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" All You Need to Know About Longitudinal Data Analysis:
UIC IHRP
Institute for = Health
Research and Policy
Two Generic Issues in Longitu= dinal Data Analysis
¢Conceptual:
lHow do we conceptualize the outcome? <= /span>
lHow to we represent the role of time? =
¢Statistical:
lHow do we deal with the fact that we have repeate= d measures on the same persons or entities, thereby= violating the classical statistical assumptions?&= #13;
lHow do we deal with the messiness of longitudinal= data; attrition and variation in timing of measures?
¢These two issues are not unrelated<= /div>
------=_NextPart_01C6F6A8.1E297590 content-location: file:///C:/2132A1EC/campbell_files/slide0003.htm content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable content-type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" All You Need to Know About Longitudinal Data Analysis:
UIC IHRP
Institute for = Health
Research and Policy
What Questions Can We Ask?
¢End point analysis.
¢Trajectory/growth analysis.
¢Survival analysis.
¢.
¢
¢
------=_NextPart_01C6F6A8.1E297590 content-location: file:///C:/2132A1EC/campbell_files/slide0004.htm content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable content-type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" All You Need to Know About Longitudinal Data Analysis:
UIC IHRP
Institute for = Health
Research and Policy
The GLM revolution
¢Thinking of longitudinal data for some continuous outcome, we generally consider = “factors” (experimental conditions, <= /span>categorical variables such as race and gender) and covariates, both continuous and categorical.
¢Traditional ANOVA uses this terminology which is expressed in software like SPSS.
¢For most of us, this is the way we were trained and it’s a natural way of thinking.=
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UIC IHRP
Institute for = Health
Research and Policy
A simple example of a GLM
Anova Table
        Sex
        Condition
        Sex x Condition
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UIC IHRP
Institute for = Health
Research and Policy
Regression (GLM) formulation
But isn’t that a whole lot more <= span style=3D'font-size:133%'>complicated?
Yes, but it’s a whole lot more flexible
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charset="us-ascii" All You Need to Know About Longitudinal Data Analysis:
UIC IHRP
Institute for = Health
Research and Policy
Its all Regression
¢All ANOVA type-models can be <= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:35.5%;left:21.34%;width:72.28%;height:6.5%= '>written as a regression equation. ¢To a degree= , this matters only to statisticians, but most modern software, such as HLM, assumes users are comfortable with this and= require them to specify models in regression terms.
¢
------=_NextPart_01C6F6A8.1E297590 content-location: file:///C:/2132A1EC/campbell_files/slide0006.htm content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable content-type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" All You Need to Know About Longitudinal Data Analysis:
UIC IHRP
Institute for = Health
Research and Policy
In fact, its more general than that
¢= Most of us were trained to deal with normally distributed, continuous outcomes.
¢= But the regression model extends to all kinds of other outcomes including:
lSimple dichotomies (logistic)
lOrdered categories (ordered logistic)
lNominal categories (multinomial)
lWaiting times (survival)
lCounts (Poisson and generalizations thereof).
------=_NextPart_01C6F6A8.1E297590 content-location: file:///C:/2132A1EC/campbell_files/slide0040.htm content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable content-type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" All You Need to Know About Longitudinal Data Analysis: